Allegory and Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “Young...

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an excellent example of the use of allegories and symbolism as a form of satire on Puritan faith. According to Frank Preston Stearns, author of The Life and Genius of Nathaniel Hawthorne, â€Å"Hawthorne may have intended this story as an exposure of the inconsistency, and consequent hypocrisy, of Puritanism† (Stearns 181). Throughout the story of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne tries to infuse as many symbols and allegories as he can to enhance the overall meaning of his story. He uses the village, Goodman Brown, Faith, the man in the forest, and the time spent in the forest as either a symbol or an allegory to get his point across that Puritans are not always what they seem to be. One of†¦show more content†¦Once the audience is aware of these two pieces of information they can infer that the allegory Hawthorne is writing about is how he sees faith transitioning from a young faith to a n adult faith of a Puritan. Brown in the beginning of the story is a â€Å"young† Puritan with young faith, but by the end of the story he has changed into an adult and does not know if he has faith anymore. Although Brown’s faith is questionable the books states that he continues to pray and go to church (Hawthorne 337), which would be considered hypocritical to some. If Brown’s name is exchanged with Hawthorne’s the readers can see why he saw the Puritans hypocritical and why he left his faith. Notably Faith, the protagonist’s wife, plays a huge role as an allegory and a symbol throughout Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† In this story Faith’s name plays as an allegory. At first this could easily be missed because it sounds like a common name for a woman, but once the readers get further into the story they realize that her name plays an enormous role in the story’s plot. Faith’s name symbolizes Brow n’s faith in God. In the story when Brown meets the man in the forest the man says, â€Å"You are late Goodman Brown,† and Brown replies, â€Å"Faith kept me back awhile† (Hawthorne 330). At this point of the story the audience knows forShow MoreRelatedShort Story Analysis: Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne851 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne Introduction Hawthornes short story Young Goodman Brown is a tale of innocence lost. Set in New England during the Puritan era, the protagonist, Goodman Brown, goes for a walk in the woods one night and meets the devil who tells him. Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome again, to the communion of your race. According to Levin this story is a condemnation of the hypocrisy of the puritan ethic. The Salem witch trialsRead More Essay on Symbols, Symbolism, and Allegory in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown726 Words   |  3 PagesSymbols, Symbolism, and Allegory in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Symbolism is a literary technique that is used to clarify the authors intent. Sometimes it is used to great effect, while other times it only seems to muddle the meaning of a passage. In Young Goodman Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses objects and people as symbols to allegorically reveal his message to the reader. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses different people as symbols throughout Young Goodman Brown. The largest symbolicRead MoreThe Writings Of Nathaniel Hawthorne And Flannery O Connor1022 Words   |  5 Pagesthem. Authors like Nathaniel Hawthorne and Flannery O’Connor, writings often include many allegories and symbols to religious faiths. Nathaniel Hawthorne comes from a bloodline that is associated with the Salem witch trials in 1692. His great-great-grandfather was a puritan that took part in the executions during the witch trilas, explaining Hawthorne’s fondness with the religion. Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his interest in the News England Puritan past. Most of Hawthorne’s writings implementRead MoreAllegory in Young Goodman Brown Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes short story Young Goodman Brown is an excellent example of an allegory. Allegories use events, characters or symbolism as a bizarre or abstract representation of ideas in the story, and throughout Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne uses a heavy amount of symbolism, as well as his characters and the events of the story line to develop a religious allegory. A large symbolic role is played by protagonist Goodman Browns wife, Faith. Also, the main event in the short story, BrownsRead MoreAnalysis Of Young Goodman Brown1179 W ords   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an odd story with a deeper meaning than is apparent on the surface. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† in 1835 with what seems like the intentions of gothic and romance features. However, looking further into the story of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† it is clear to see that there is a possibility that the imagery displayed can lead to some interesting theories behind Hawthornes purpose, imagery, and symbolism in the text. Throughout the story, HawthorneRead MoreThe 200 Year Old Man1167 Words   |  5 PagesThe 200-Year-Old Man: How Nathaniel Hawthorne Maintained a 17th Century Puritan Allegory Nathaniel Hawthorne, born â€Å"Nathaniel Hathorne† until he added a â€Å"w† to his birth name years later, was a prominent American Novelist that lived during the 19th century. Hawthorne was considered a dark romantic, and often â€Å"undertook the mission of exploring the darker side of humanity† in his short stories and novels. (Wright 3) Hawthorne descended from an ancestry tracing back many generations full of devoutRead More Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most criticism and reflection of Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown centers on a good versus evil theme. Critics also debate interpretations of the main characters consciousness; is Brown awake or dreaming.   What is certain is that he lives and dies in pain because his belief in his righteousness isolates him from his community.   It is also certain that Hawthornes interpretation of Browns mid-lifeRead More How Young Goodman Brown Became Old Badman Brown Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne was a nineteenth-century American writer of the Romantic Movement. Born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804, he was one of those rare writers who drew critical acclaim during his lifetime. Hawthorne used Salem as a setting for most of his stories, such as The Scarlet Letter, The Blithedale Romance, and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Today, readers still appreciate Hawthornes work for its storytelling qualities and for the moral and theological questions it raises. Nathaniel HawthornesRead MoreThe Dichotomy of Self Reliance and Conformity1169 Words   |  5 Pagesmasterpieces were contrived during this period of enlightenment, including Nathaniel Hawthorne’s dramatically thematic and ambiguous short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, as well as Ralph Waldo Emerson’s intriguingly influential and up lifting essay, â€Å"Self-Reliance†. Hawthorne’s writing aspires to implicate theories and themes about the reality of the world we live in and to illustrate our individual limitations through the art of symbolism and irony. Emerson uses a unique approach in his writing, endeavoringRead More The Symbolism of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay2725 Words   |  11 PagesThe Symbolism of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† shows the reader the author’s power as a symbolist.    Frederick C. Crews in â€Å"The Logic of Compulsion in ‘Roger Malvin’s Burial’† explores the symbology that prevails in Hawthorne’s best short stories:    . . . I chose this one tale to analyze because it illustrates the indispensability, and I should even say the priority, of understanding the literal psychological dramas

Destiny, Fate and Free Will in Homers Odyssey - Guidance...

Guidance, Fate, and Loyalty in The Odyssey nbsp; The Odyssey is an epic poem about a journey. After the Trojan War is won Odysseus leaves Troy for his home in Ithaca. However, the gods decide to test his courage and resolve and send him on a twenty-year odyssey. Odysseus courage is constantly tested as he struggles with the many obstacles the gods place before him. Although Homer depicted The Odyssey as a self-reliant journey, in reality the gods and other mortals guide Odysseus. It is his loyalty to and his love for his family that keeps him going. The Odyssey depicts Odysseus as he overcomes each obstacle through guidance, fate, and loyalty to his family. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; To Odysseus loyalty is the most important†¦show more content†¦Odysseus shows his purity and loyalty. By Odysseus bathing he is becoming pure and clean which shows he has nothing to hide from his family because of his loyalty. He does not let women jeopardize his mind and stays faithful. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Odysseus tests Eumaeus loyalty. Eumaeus, the swineherd, is one of the few servants who have stayed loyal for twenty years. As Odysseus tests Eumaeus, Eumaeus finally tires of hearing all the lies and tells Odysseus, You too, woe-worn man how Heaven has brought you here, do not by lying tales attempt to please or win me; since out of no such cause I show respect and kindness, but out of reverence for Zeus the strangers friend, and pity for yourself (139). When Odysseus lies to Eumaeus he refuses to believe them thus passing another one of Odysseus tests. This touch of dramatic irony helps the reader appreciate the loyalty of Eumaeus who only longs for the master that stands before him. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Even though its Odysseus loyalty to his family that eventually gets him home even though the gods decide his fate. As Odysseus begins his journey homeward the gods send him on an odyssey. Odysseus fate is best described when he is told, Olympian Zeus himself distributes fortune to mankind and gives to high and low even as he wills to each... (58). Zeus decided Odysseus fate. Odysseus is sent on many smaller journeys while sent on hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Homer s The Odyssey 1342 Words   |  6 PagesNevertheless, loyalty can idealize as an extremity that extracts our thoughts and mental processes, which can make decisions coincide with ease especially considering who we can count on in times of need. Loyalty, many people may look upon it as actions but in all actuality it is what lies deep down inside of the mind, heart, beliefs, and character of a person. In Homer’s book The Odyssey, there is loyalty present from beginning to end and I would like to ex press how words imply loyalty on an aspectualRead MoreThe View Of Fate Over Free Will, And Vice Versa1599 Words   |  7 PagesArguments concerning the influence of Fate over Free Will, and vice versa, are not unique to our post-Enlighten mindset. Some of the greatest thinkers of all time, such as Aristotle or Plato, dealt directly with this issue in their numerous commentaries that we still look at today. Even within our Bibles we see Fate and Free Will actively playing roles within the famed stories and lives included in both the Old and New Testament. It’s not surprising, then, when we see similar themes relating to theseRead MoreEssay on The Odyssey21353 Words   |  86 PagesThe Odyssey Set in ancient Greece, The Odyssey is about the hero Odysseus long-awaited return from the Trojan War to his homeland, Ithaca, after ten years of wandering. The current action of The Odyssey occupies the last six weeks of the ten years, and the narrative includes many places - Olympus, Ithaca, Pylos, Pherae, Sparta, Ogygia, and Scheria. In Books 9-12, Odysseus narrates the story of his travels in the years after the fall of Troy, and this narrative includes other far-flung

Buyer and Consumer Behaviour for Theories - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBuyer and Consumer Behaviour for Theories. Answer: Introduction: This report discusses the various marketing aspects taking the example of the company mars inc. producing chocolate bars. It is discusses details of the consumer behaviour regarding the buying of chocolate. It studies the theories of learning to understand the mind of the customers. This report addresses brand performance, mental availability and also studies in detail the various factors like demographic segmentation on the basis of age gender and household income. The brand performance is also measured taking into consideration factors like market share, penetration etc. The category entry point of snickers is also suggested in this report. Section-1: Understanding Buyer Behaviour 1. A discussion on Cognitivism or Behaviourism theories Cognitivism theory: Cognitivism is a study of psychology often conducted for studying the consumer behaviour in marketing. Cognitivism studies the process which draws the attention of a person rather a consumer. The various process of that are involved in drawing attention involves the method of perception, the way an incidence remains in the memory of the consumer, the learning process of the consumers and the method used for solving problem (Wenger, 2009). These factors together decide the impact of the stimulus in drawing attention of the consumer. This theory propagates that the information processing system of people are very technical in nature. There are certain rules that are followed by the mind of the people in generating cognition of the product. The minds of the people are considered to be processor of information. The concept underlying Cognitivism is the process that helps to gain knowledge (Jonassen and Land 2012). There are further divisions in the cognitive theory th at is the social cognitive theory and the cognitive behavioural theory. Behaviourism theory: The behaviourism is in contrast with the Cognitivism theory. Behaviour lists studies the behaviour of the people that is observable and thus forms the opinion regarding the method of conceptualising of the environment by the people. The behaviouralists believe that the learning of the mind happens as a gradual process through interaction with the environment. The environment provides regular stimulus these stimulations are processed the mind without being conscious resulting in learning (Pritchard, 2013). There are certain assumptions that are made by the behaviouralists theory. According to the behaviouralists theory the brain is passive it is assumed that there is no active role that is taken by the mind in the process of learning. The second assumption is that the mind of the learner is assumed to be a clean slate that is there is no previous information that is stored in the brain (Magee et al. 2007). It believes that recurrent enforcement of any incidence re sults in its occurrence similarly if there is recurrent punishment given for a particular incidence the chances are high that the repetition of the incidence stops. The Cognitivism can be considered as a more appropriate theory regarding the functioning of the learning activity of the human mind (French, 2010). The behaviourism has been the earlier concept which was replaced by the Cognitivism theory because the assumptions that are made in the behaviouralists theory that is considering the mind as a clean slate cannot be justified as there are information that are stored in the mind which cannot be absolutely nullified as a factor that contributes in the assimilation of new information. Section-2: Brand Performance 2. Identification of Pattern with respect to brand performance measure The company Mars Inc is manufacturing the three different kind of chocolate bars, namely Mars Bar, Snickers and Twix. Mars Bar: The chocolate bar brand Mars Bar is having the maximum market share of 37% along with highest market penetration rate of 75% among all the other chocolate bar brands. The parameters like purchase frequency (2.2), share of sole loyal customers (22) and category requirements (43) for this brand are also highest for this brand in comparison to that of other chocolate bar brands. However the category buying rate (5.2) for this brand is lowest with respect to the other brands. Kit Kat: The market share and the market penetration rate of kit-kat chocolate brands are 27 and 55 respectively. The purchase frequency, category buying rate and the sole loyal customers for this brand are 2.2, 5.4 7 respectively. Thus from the picture of the table-1 the pattern of brand performance that can be identified is that a brand that is having large market share is also having a strong market penetration capacity along with a good purchase frequency rate and substantial number of sole loyal customers. Besides, the table also describes that if the brand is having large market share then the brand also poses a good share of category requirements. In other words the parameter Market Share is positively related with the parameters Penetration, Average Purchase Frequency, Share of Category Requirements, Sole Loyalty and is negatively related with Category Buying Rate. Higher market share for a brand indicates that the market penetration power of that brand is quite high and a sufficiently good number of customers are loyal to that brand. The average purchase frequency with respect to the brand is also quiet high. However the buying rate [average amount of product bought by the buyer household for a given time period] for that category of chocolate brand is quiet low as the buyers frequently bought the product, therefore they are not buying a huge amount during each time of purchase as the buyers do not want to store that perishable food product. Again if the market shares of a chocolate brand Nestle Gold (4) is very low. Then it indicates low market penetration (8) power for that brand and there is no loyal customer for that brand and the buyers are mainly purchasing the product on the basis of ad hock decision. However the category buying rate for the product is 9.5 which is the highest value with respect to that of other brands. The brand Snickers is having a moderate market share of 20% with a market penetration rate of 45% and the brand is only having 3% loyal customers. Thus it can be seen that as the brand has failed to sufficiently penetrate the market, very little number of customers have got the chance to know the brand and to be loyal to the brand. 3. Judging the idea for encouraging all the existing buyers to buy snickers: If the number of sole buyers with respect to the brand Snickers has to be increased then the market share of that brand has to be increased. The increased market share with respect to the brand Snickers will provide greater penetration power to that brand. Therefore a marketing strategy has to be developed so that the buyers who are addicted to the other brands can be diverted towards the brand Snickers. So if large numbers of buyers are getting attracted towards that brand through the application of the new marketing strategy, then definitely the market share of that brand as well as market penetration power of that brand will increase. The increased penetration power will help the brand to reach in the hands of larger number of customers and it is expected that this intern will pull up the number of sole buyers (from a mere 3%) for the brand Snickers. That is why in my opinion this strategy is a good strategy to take for establishing the brand Snickers in to the market. Section -3: Mental Availability 4. A discussion on appropriate marketing strategy for building mental availability Mental availability is the chances that a certain buyer is going to recall a particular brand in a buying situation. It is important for brand success to have mental availability of the brand. The chief competition among the brands is to create that mental availability in the mind of its customers. The mental availability can be achieved if the product is etched in the memory of the consumer (Sharp et al. 2010). To remain in the memory of the buyers it is important to create links with the memory of the consumers. The various factors that are capable of creating brand mental availability can be categorised in these five factors: The product should be distinctive in nature: the product should be distinct because similar products often do not give any special stimulus that can help create a distinct memory. Thus it is important to have a certain difference with the other products in the category (Wright, 2006). Noticeable: the product should be noticeable in the eyes of the customer. It is important that the products are noticeable in the eyes of its customers. Reach to the potential buyer: to create mental availability it is important that the products are available to its potential buyers at all times. This helps in creating an impression in the mind as a result it has a higher possibility of mental availability (Robinson, 2010). Continuous refreshment of memory: it is important for the brands to continuously refresh the memories of the customers this can be done through advertisement. Advertisement works as a continuous refreshment of the memories of the consumers (Mitchell, 2007). Consistency: it is important that each of the companies to be consistent. The company should continuously provide advertisements various other method of reminding the target customers regarding the product thus making the process of reminding the customers and consistent approach (Sharp, 2010). Category entry points to be included in the advertisement for Snickers Category entry points are conditions when the consumers plan to buy the products. There are 5 Ws with which the category entry point is associated with. These include why the products should be bought? When is the right time to buy the product? Where this product should be consumed? With whom does this product suit? With what other product this product should be consumed with? These associations can be used as an advertisement technique to promote the product. It has been observed that such association often increase the sale of these products. Hereby there are 10 entry points mentioned where snicker can be introduced: Snickers can be consumed as an energising breakfast Snicker can be consumed during gym time or sports for getting instant energy The product should be taken in the morning time as it is a good breakfast The product should be taken in the evening during exercise It is required in the bed side It is required in the sports field Hanging out with friends When nobody is there to take care of the needs snicker supplies for the nutrition With milk When there is nothing else and hunger pinches Section-4: Demographics and Segmentation 5. Segmentation of the target customers through demographic analysis As per the Table-4 of the demographics it can be seen that on an average 60% of the female buyers are interested for the chocolate bars and only 40% of the male buyers are interested in chocolate bars. This indicates that the female buyers should be targeted for selling the products rather than the male buyers so far as buyers segmentation has to be done on the basis of gender. The table-5 describes that among the four age groups of (16-25) years, (26-35) years, (36-45) years, (56-65) years, the age group (26-35) years contains the maximum number of buyers with respect to all kind of the chocolate bars under consideration. The table also demonstrates that this age-group mostly prefers the brand MARS BAR followed by KITKAT SNICKERS. Thus the analysis highlights the fact that company Mars Inc should look for their target customers within the age group of (26-35) years The table-6 defines that the households who are earning more than $70,000 are having the biggest purchase share with respect to the entire different kind of chocolate brands. In addition, the table describes that these households who are earning more than $70,000 hold 40% of the purchasing share with respect to the brand Snickers, 43% share with respect to the brand KIT-KAT, and 31% share with respect to the brand Mars BAR. Thus it can be seen that Snickers, is the most proffered brand for the buyers group earning more than $70,000. From the above analysis it can be said that to establish the brand Snickers, in to the market the company Mars Inc should target the female customers who are within the age group of (26-35) years and are earning more than $70,000 should be considered. Conclusion recommendation on the basis of demographic analysis On the basis of the above discussion it can be said that in order to establish the chocolate brand Snickers in to the market, the marketing strategies will be developed with a focus towards the target group of customers [females within the age group of 26-35 years and are earning more than $70,000] Detailed research will be held to identify the factors that are mainly responsible for attracting the target group towards a chocolate brand Research should also be done regarding the staple products that can be offered as a package with the chocolate bar brand to make them more attractive. Reference: French, J. ed., 2010.Social marketing and public health: Theory and practice. Oxford University Press. Jonassen, D. and Land, S. eds., 2012.Theoretical foundations of learning environments. Routledge. Magee, J.F., Copacino, W.C. and Rosenfield, D.B., 2007.Modern logistics management: Integrating marketing, manufacturing and physical distribution(Vol. 22). John Wiley Sons. Mitchell, V.W., 2007. Understanding consumers behaviour: can perceived risk theory help?. Management Decision,30(3). Pritchard, A., 2013.Ways of learning: Learning theories and learning styles in the classroom. Routledge. Robinson, W.T., 2010. Marketing mix reactions to entry.Marketing Science,7(4), pp.368-385. Sharp, B., 2010. How brands grow.South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar. Sharp, B., Dawes, J.G., Romaniuk, J.T. and Scriven, J., 2010. How brands grow: What marketers don't know. Wenger, E., 2009. A social theory of learning.Contemporary theories of learning: learning theoristsin their own words. Routledge, New York, NY, pp.209-218. Wright, R., 2006.Consumer behaviour. Cengage learning EMEA.

Privacy Issues an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Privacy Issues If the customers agree that a web site, or any business from any industry, has an implied ethical contract with its users, the customers would expect the web site to communicate truthfully to the users and be up front about all of its practices related to the gathering and use of personal information. Deceptiveness on the part of the web site would undeniably violate the rule as well as the contract. Sometimes, however, web sites that have opt-policies will change the way they wish to use the data. Most internet users and privacy advocates find this to be deceptive in that the web site does not approach the customers beforehand to give notice of policy changes and ask permission regarding the use of data and personal information for new purposes. In this scenario, the question lies on the ethical obligation and ethical contract of a certain web site in the use of data without the permission of the users. Need essay sample on "Privacy Issues" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed This case happened to Yahoo, when the popular web portal suddenly switched from an opt-in to opt-out privacy policy. A short statement inside a long e-mail message about Yahoo's commitment to privacy protection notified customers that the company would change the personal settings of the users to indicate that they want to receive marketing messages via telephone or email. All users, even those who had previously refused to accept marketing messages, were told that they had specific period of time to change their preferences back to its original setting, which they could do by manually clicking the button no on products listed on a promotional enrolment page. Apparently, most users found this process very inconsistent and even complained regarding the unfair distribution of company of the personal information of the users for business purposes. Most users have been very careful with the information being given to the web sites due to some conflicts like stealing of identity and receiving unnecessary advertisements from known and unknown marketers. However, the Yahoo users continue to receive promotions and strange messages from different people as well as organizations. College Students Very Often Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment online? Essay writer professionals propose: Your Best Essay Helper The modernity of the world today has undeniably brought people to another era that makes them conform to the flow brought about by technology and popular culture. This fact is one of the reasons why people easily engage with different activities online. Some users pay attention to smallest details in the internet; however some of them just click everything they see on screen. One thing that makes these two categories similar is that, none of them wants to be bothered by series of advertisements and random promotions on email or other services of such internet portals. Yahoo must be very careful with the rules and regulations that they impose on any type of service that the company offers to the market. The constant changing society and the past pacing technology only relies on investment, meaning reputation and good customer relations are the only things that make the customers loyal to a single brand. The corporation should be more specific with its contract to be able to avoid legal issues in the future. With the intense competition in the marketplace, the company should invest on customer relations by providing good and quality service aside from profit that Yahoo gains from advertisers. Visiting a search engine without noticing an offer for free mail account is definitely impossible. Yahoo is one of those web sites that offer free registration in order to get free email address and access to other Yahoo services. Basically, most companies in e-commerce offer this type of service as a value add, meaning they entice the visitors with the relatively inexpensive service and still hoping to receive some sort of benefit to the users' visit. These benefits include generating profit by selling the users product from advertisers or another related service, increasing the hit count, proving the site's popularity to advertising agencies, and providing an e-mail as part of an attempt to become an internet portal, which is simply a site that purports to give easy access to all that the internet offers. Unlike the first dilemma, that focuses on privacy issues, this issue points out plain consumerism. Internet has become a community where plain consumerism through influential demands takes place. Each page is loaded with advertising banners of numerous products and services. Customers may click each ad to go to a specific link where the certain product or service is being sold. In some instance, the advertisements pop up, blocking the desired page to attract the attention of the potential customers of the product. Yahoo offers free service; however, it sells more products than the free services that customers enjoy with that certain web site. The ethical obligation of Yahoo and other internet portals to the world has been in the heart of debate of the society. Most people believe that along with the free offers of each company come the constant promotions for unnecessary goods. It is like availing a certain product only to find out that the customers already deal with countless marketers in the market. In other words, the company often overlooks the social responsibility which should guide them to provide enough information and proper promotion in a less aggressive approach. The company should always consider its mission and social responsibility. Yahoo has billions of customers worldwide, making them exposed to different types of people from different market segments everyday. Advertising serves as the supplier for Yahoo, meaning the company operates because of them; however, the company must always understand that the customers are also one of the most important elements in their business operation. Without customers, there will be no advertisers, and vice versa. This cycle shows how important each element of Yahoo's business operation is for the company's success. Yahoo needs to evaluate the proper use and appropriate process of advertising for the target audiences. Internet portals, being the most effective marketing communication channels today may also shape the culture of the society as a whole. It means the company should serve both significant elements of the business but the power over proper presentation still lies on the management of the corporation. A better environment without too much consumerism should be considered aside from high profitability nowadays. Yahoo had been in an intense competition with Google, the world's largest internet portal today. The company competed head-to-head with Google in search and paid listings. Further, most of the Yahoo's products had direct rivals at Google including Yahoo local search, home page, video, mail, and maps. Yahoo constantly introduces new features for the customers in order to reach the market share of Google. Yahoo even released new features that offer free template websites for small businesses to gain local customers. This product made critics conclude that Yahoo is working harder to understand the needs of small businesses than Google is. Apparently, the significance of providing better service and options for listings and placements is overridden by the importance of search market share (Goodman, 2005). Competition has been the greatest threat for the company today. With the existence of other corporations aside from Google in the global market, Yahoo have felt the need to develop strategic plans to stay in the marketplace and stay ahead in the competition. As Google continuously rises in the market, Yahoo needs to strive harder in order to fight the impacts of rivalry that affect the entire business operation. Yahoo does not need to work on recognition; its popularity in the marketplace has been enough to make the company profitable in industry. Until today, most of the services of Yahoo are known and being used by the customers around the world, one proof that the company has not yet lost all the possibility to shrink in the emerging market. The company needs to develop new services that would attract the attention of the target market. Moreover, Yahoo should evaluate the market's needs and reorganize its business plan based on the demands of the customers from different parts of the world. As the company produces new services for the target users, Yahoo could start to establish strong relationship with the businesses from different industries. These plans would not only boost the profit of the company but also build a strong brand name and good reputation in the global market. Reference Goodman, A. (2005). Winning Results with Google AdWords. USA: McGraw-Hill

Effects Of Storytelling On Expressions Of Empathy Essays (194 words)

Effects Of Storytelling On Expressions Of Empathy The present study examined affective and cognitive empathy in preschool children. Seventeen children, ages three to five years, were given The Young Children's Empathy Measure to determine their understanding of empathy. Participants were then read a children's story and given the empathy measure again, to see if they expressed more empathy after hearing about a sympathetic protagonist. A second baseline score was obtained one week after the story was administered. On measures of cognitive anger, mean scores increased significantly after the story was heard. Other scores increased after hearing the story, indicating a trend that storytelling is an effective method of increasing expressions of empathy. Affective empathy is defined as being able to know about and understand another person's feelings without having experienced the same situation (Feshbach, 1975). Children as young as three years of age have been shown to exhibit appropriate empathy toward others and to demonstrate corre ct understanding of others' emotions (Gove Poresky, 1990). Although young children can correctly express empathy toward others, empathic abilities do appear to increase as one grows older and is able to view the world in a less egocentric manner (Piaget, 1966). Numer...

English Words Borrowed From the Chinese Language

English Words Borrowed From the Chinese Language Words taken completely or in part from another language are known as loanwords. In the English language, there are many loanwords that have been borrowed from Chinese languages and dialects. A loanword is not the same as calque, which is an expression from one language that has been introduced into another language as a direct translation. Many English-language calques also have origins in Chinese. Loanwords and calques are useful to linguists in examining when and how one culture processed its interaction with another. 10 English Words That Are Borrowed From Chinese 1. Coolie: While some claim that this term has its origins in Hindi, it’s been argued that it could also have origins in the Chinese term for hard work or è‹ ¦Ã¥Å â€º (kÇ” là ¬) which is literally translated as â€Å"bitter labor.† 2. Gung Ho: The term has its origins in the Chinese word Ã¥ · ¥Ã¥ Ë† (gÃ… ng hà ©) that can either mean to work together  or as an adjective to describe someone that is overly excited or too enthusiastic. The term gong he is a shortened word for industrial cooperatives which were created in China in the 1930s. During that time U.S. Marines adopted the term to mean someone with a can-do attitude. 3. Kowtow: From the Chinese Ã¥  ©Ã¥ ¤ ´ (kà ²u tà ³u) describing the ancient practice performed when anyone greeted a superior – such as an elder, leader, or emperor. The person had to kneel and bow down to the superior, making sure that their foreheads hit the ground. â€Å"Kou tou† is literally translated as â€Å"knock your head.† 4. Tycoon: The origins of this word comes from the Japanese term taikun, which was what foreigners called the shogun of Japan. A shogun was known to be someone who took over the throne and is not related to the emperor. Thus the meaning is typically used for someone who obtained power through might or hard work, rather than inheriting it. In Chinese, the Japanese term â€Å"​taikun† is Ã¥ ¤ §Ã§Å½â€¹ (d wng) which means â€Å"big prince.† There are other words in Chinese that also describe a tycoon including è ´ ¢Ã©Ëœâ‚¬ (ci f) and Ã¥ · ¨Ã¥ ¤ ´ (jà ¹ tà ³u). 5. Yen: This term comes from the Chinese word æ„ ¿ (yun) which means a hope, desire, or wish. Someone who has a strong urge for oily fast food can be said to have a yen for pizza. 6. Ketchup: The origins of this word are debated. But many believe that its origins are from either the Fujianese dialect for the fish sauce é ® ­Ã¦ ±  (guÄ « zhÄ « ) or the Chinese word for eggplant sauce èÅ'„æ ±  (qià © zhÄ «). 7. Chop Chop: This term is said to originate from the Cantonese dialect for the word Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¥ ¿ « (kui kui) which is said to urge someone to hurry up. Kuai means hurry in Chinese. â€Å"Chop Chop† appeared in English-language newspapers printed in China by foreign settlers as early as the 1800s. 8. Typhoon: This is probably the most direct loanword. In Chinese, a hurricane or typhoon is called Ã¥  °Ã© £Å½ (ti fÄ“ng). 9. Chow:  While chow is a breed of dog, it should be clarified that the term did not come to mean food because the Chinese hold the stereotype of being dog-eaters. More likely, chow as a term for food comes from the word è Å" (ci) which can mean food, a dish (to eat), or vegetables. 10. Koan: Originating in Zen Buddhism, a koan is a riddle without a solution, which is supposed to highlight the inadequacy of logic reasoning. A common one is â€Å"What is the sound of one hand clapping.† (If you were Bart Simpson, you would just fold one hand until you made a clapping noise.) Koan comes from the Japanese which comes from the Chinese for å… ¬Ã¦ ¡Ë† (gÃ… ng n). Literally translated it means common case.

Middle East and International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Middle East and International Relations - Essay Example United Arab Emirates and Kuwait have shown their interests for the same, but Saudi Arabia sees this as disadvantageous to the regional cooperation in the region. Political  Concerns  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ With the mounting pressure of the international community to switch to democratic forms of government, there might by a ray of hope but the chances are still very few due to major groups and regimes still against democratization. Further, the weak, illiterate and unprotected citizens’ low demand for democracy and insufficient international pressure may not be sufficient for regime changes in the Middle East. Regional Clashes and Terrorism  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the Arab – Israeli conflict is supposed to carry itself in the times to come and become a serious threat to the security of the region.  Also, since a major part global terrorism is being funded by the Middle East regimes, Terrorism will continue in more fragmented manner than before. Influence of China and India on the region –  China and India have emerged as the major power countries both as investors and consumers of the Middle East and this will tend to play an effective role in shaping the political as well as the economic reform of the region.  Ã‚  Moreover, in the wake of any changes in the regime structure, the Middle East refers to China and Russia as salient models than the US or any other democracy. Restoration of the  Shia  Community  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the main impact of the US invasion on Iraq was the revival of the  Shia  community.  Shia  community is seen as a liberal party with an emotional  Ã‚  value and symbolism. Gaining power and acceptance once again into the society and political front in Iraq may lead to cross border harmonization of Iraq with other countries. A number of renowned  Shia  figures have spent time in Iraq and Iran and are now wiling to come back to Iraq, which may lead to significant political and social changes in the

Elise Smart's Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elise Smart's Problem - Essay Example As the discussion highlights the various factors that influence sustained performance (ability, motivation, resources, role clarity, reinforcement) are examined, as well as steps leaders can take in improving performance of those for whom they are responsible. Since Elise Smart was so sure about the rating of Ketchum, Elise will suggest that Ketchum will undergo further training and understanding of her position in the organization. Because of the appraisal that she was getting Darlene Ketchum maybe is assuming that she is still doing the right thing. But Elise Smart sees it in a different way. Ketchum is no longer functioning as what she was before. Maybe because of several factors the performance of Ketchum declines without her knowing it. Elise Smart must show proof and facts that her observation on Ketchum performance is valid and accurate. This study outlines that the case of Elise Smart in the Milleneum Insurance are quiet tough. Smart must be able to show proof and facts that Darlene Ketchum deserves to have a very low appraisal such as data on poor performance and other mistakes that Ketchum has committed to correlate it with Elise’s report. It will be hard for Smart to convince the organization since Ketchum was appraised before as to be one of the excellent employees of the company. The problem is how will Smart will be able to show that her assessment and observation to Ketchum is valid. In the company during appraisal Elise need to discuss the assessment made to Ketchum and she will sign the assessment form. The problem of Elise is that whether Darlene Ketchum will accept the evaluation or not. How will Elise show the appraisal if Ketchum still assumes that she will have the excellent rating? Darlene Ketchum needs to sign the said evaluation before Elise Smart will be able to forward it to the vice-presid ent.  

Famine in Third World States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Famine in Third World States - Essay Example But the countries of Africa are still dying of hunger. Why is that The main myth is that there is insufficient amount of foodstuffs produced in the country. But the fact is that the planet produces enough food to provide every individual with 3,500 calories every day. The problem is that many people are too poor to buy food, though even the poorest countries possess sufficient agricultural lands, and even export their products. In 1974 an outstanding philosopher Robert Nozick has created his theory of 'entitlement', which was outlined in his work 'Anarchy, state, utopia'. The main point of the theory is that the rights of an individual are sacred, and alienation of the property must be voluntary. He has acknowledged the necessity of the 'minimal state' which would deprive individuals the right of violence, but at the same time it would protect them from tyranny. Nozick was sure that any attempt to regulate the process of the property transfers is doomed to fail. The state must not dictate any redistribution of wealth, which can be presented in tax system. Nozick has absolutely rejected any idea of a 'social state'. It has always been easy to make nature guilty in people suffering from famine. But it should be remembered that only the poorest layers of the society suffer from hunger, though the nature is the same for everyone. The roots of the problem lie in politics, which makes effectiveness the corner-stone, and not sympathy. People are deprived of the right to earn enough money, they are made starve, thus becoming ready to give away their labor force for the minimal payment. The growth of population is also considered a problem. But it is interesting that active growth of population has never been a problem to developing countries. Such problem appears only in those countries where ineffective political system deprives people equal access to education, medicine, workplaces and social guarantees. According to Nozick, all actions of individuals must be voluntary, and here we see an absolutely different situation: the politics of the starving countries is consciously directed at depriving people of all possible rights. In the countries of the third world land belongs to large owners, who often appear to be ineffective in terms of business. The world experience shows, that small farmers receive 4-5 times larger crops than big farmers do. But in poor countries the inner policy is directed at concentrating all the land in the hand of few owners, thus giving people no right for equal access to land and its products. Nozick was the supporter of the idea that all individuals must have free access to all resources and he also bore an idea of the free market with minimal limitations. But I should say, that to my mind, the idea of free market have never solved the problem of famine. The formula 'free market is good, government is bad' has never helped with eliminating famine in third world states. In every state government is occupied with the redistribution of resources. In this problem authorities must help consumers, especially the poorest ones, with the help of tax preferences, grants, and credits. In such situation the state and the population supplement each other thus creating an

Utilitarianism The Pursuit Of Happiness Philosophy Essay

Utilitarianism The Pursuit Of Happiness Philosophy Essay The phrase life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, enshrined in the founding documents of the United States, was derived from John Locke. Lockes formulation, however, was life, liberty, and property. In choosing the broader formulation pursuit of happiness, the framers were certainly not drawing from John Stuart Mill, since they wrote many decades before he did. They were writing and thinking in the same philosophical tradition, which goes ultimately back to Aristotle. Mill, however, has given us in Utilitarianism the most concise, analytical interpretation of this concept. What is meant by happiness, and what justifies regarding it as the goal either of a political system or of a system of ethical philosophy? In everyday usage, we use it most often in the sense of being pleased (Im happy you could come), or of general well-being (Happy Birthday!). It has pleasant connotations, but not, in everyday usage, particularly lofty ones. One might expect moral philosophy, or even political philosophy and statecraft, to seek some more profound goal. Mill, however, constructs his approach to moral philosophy from the bottom up. He starts from the premise that we naturally seek out pleasant experiences, and try to avoid pain or unpleasant experiences. At first glance this might appear to be an invitation to mere hedonism, eat, drink, and be merry. However, human experience shows that pleasant experiences are not limited to the material. We enjoy music, for example, and friendship, and seek these things out. Indeed, we often find satisfaction in experiences that mi ght well be arduous and even unpleasant, such as running a marathon. Even the effort of living up to a system of values carries its satisfactions (7-8). The sum total of these satisfactions and pleasures, or dissatisfactions and miseries, though the course of a lifetime constitutes our overall happiness or unhappiness (3-4). Happiness is therefore the good life not in the narrow sense of a house in the suburbs, convenient to a golf course (though not excluding these things), but in the broadest sense of a satisfying and joyous human existence. This, suggests Mill, is our goal in life, not imposed on us by some moral authority or power, but as a consequence of our human nature. Moreover, the pursuit of happiness extends even as a purely practical matter beyond our own condition of life to the condition of the society in which we live. Even if our motives are entirely selfish, for example, we have a vested interest in a society in which, for example, theft and robbery are not the general because we do not wish to be robbed or stolen from. (Even a professional thief benefits from not being a victim of theft as well.) The same practical principle can be extended to vices and virtues in general: We are all better off for living in a society where virtues are general practiced (31-32). However, what produces the general condition of a society but the behavior of the people who make it up. A burglar may benefit from living in a society where people do not lock their doors, but his behavior makes society less likely to display such mutual trust. If we wish to live in a virtuous society, therefore, it is in our interest to practice the virtues ourselves. What goes around, after all, comes around. Indeed, Mill speaks of a contagion of sympathy, a sort of virtuous cycle (the opposite of a vicious cycle) in which the practice of virtue encourages virtue in others, and improves the condition of life for all. This implicitly is what the founding fathers had in mind. A free society does not seek to impose virtue by fiat, but depends on the general practice of virtue to sustain itself. By aiding in the pursuit of happiness by others, we improve our own chances of pursuing it. A contemporary issue on which Mills propositions might shed light is the controversy over gay marriage. Many people, perhaps most people, have found the idea strange or shocking when first presented. Some fear that it would destroy marriage. However, it is hard to see how permitting gays to marry detracts from marriages between men and women. Their marriages are unchanged. What permitting gay marriage does is permit a new satisfaction a further pursuit of happiness for gay couples. Moreover, by recognizing such couples, it encourages gay individuals to seek stable relationships, improving the condition of society as well as their own lives. Thus, the pursuit of happiness, combined with Mills analysis of how ethical principles can be built up from our knowledge of human existence, casts a powerful light on how we can interpret social issues and their possible resolution. Source Cited Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1979. (Original publication 1861.)

Implementation of K-12 Essay

Why add two years? This is the question everybody is asking. â€Å"We need to add two years to our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best job after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding. †President Benigno S. Aquino† These are the words that really made a great impact to me. Since, at first I was one of the many individual who also questioned this change of curriculum. But as I have watched the AVP that question was answered by these words of our president. I could say K+12 Curriculum is a good program of the department of education since it is presented that it will decongest and enhance the basic education curriculum. It will also give better quality education. It was also mentioned in the AVP the benefits of this curriculum such as; The Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program will be instrumental in achieving the nation’s vision of high school graduates. The benefits of the K+12 proposals far outweigh the additional costs that will be incurred by both government and families. An enhanced curriculum will decongest academic workload. Graduates will possess competencies and skills relevant to the job market. Graduates will be prepared for higher education. Graduates could now be recognized abroad. The economy will experience accelerated growth in the long run. The Philippine education system will be at par with international standards. A better educated society provides a sound foundation for long-term socio-economic development. Learning comes when you better understand the things that are taught to you. As an educator I could relate to this since I have seen that children can interact more if they know and they understand the words or language you’re using. Thus making the curriculum decongested can really help the pupils to better understand their lesson and acquire more learning. I am a grade I teacher in Masulog Elementary School, and as part of the K+12 Curriculum grade I teacher use the MTBMLE (Mother Tongue Based Multi-lingual Education) as learning area and used as medium of instruction in this way children can easily recognized things, express their thoughts and for me understand their lesson so maximum learning is acquired. It also helps in bridging or transition Filipino and English as language of instruction introduced in Grade 3. For me I would say that I agree with the viewpoint expressed in the AVP, K+12 Curriculum can really alleviate the standard of education. It will also give every learner an opportunity to receive quality education based on an enhanced and decongested curriculum that is internationally recognized and comparable. Though there are issues and concerns with this new curriculum like competencies demanded of teachers for effective implementation of K+12 especially in grades 11-12 (pre-service and In-service Education, preparedness of DepEd K+12 BEP implementers (teachers, school heads, supervisors), transition period in the MTBMLE progression program, MT proficiency of teachers in the MTBMLE program, preparation of learning materials, literary and informational texts in K+12 and more. But, if education could be the only best option to secure the future of our youth, all of us are here to support this option.

Pamphlet analysis Essay

The purpose of this film pamphlet is to influence and persuade as much people as people to watch the film. The pamphlet also briefly describes what the film is going to be about. This pamphlet attempts to do these things by visual, layout and language features to achieve its purpose. A visual feature that helps to achieve its purpose is colour which is all over the film pamphlet. Colours may be used to create a feeling or mood depending on the context. In this particular film pamphlet, the colours have been put together to establish a romantic feel. The two most obvious colours on the cover of the film pamphlet are the orange of the title and the red of the chilli. These two colours are clearly creating a romantic sense. The tone of the title is quite light and that helps emphasise the feel of the advertisement for the title is called A Touch of Spice. Having a light tone makes it seem as though the title was written out with orange spices and supports the word touch in the title which means a small amount in this context. The large chilli on the front of the cover is highly saturated. The red on the chilli is of a high degree of purity and that helps the advertisement gain the attention of consumers and also creates a romantic feel in this context. Red in this ad can be seen as an allusion because red is a very popular colour on Valentines Day [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l43rqt12KcE] which is seen as a very romantic day where many people buy cards and flowers and even plan special occasions for the ones they love. The many colours on this pamphlet achieve their purpose by creating a romantic feeling or mood and that will hopefully lure many people who like romantic films to watch this particular film. Another visual feature that helps to achieve its purpose is the font sizes and writing style of the text on the film pamphlet. Font sizes and styles can be used to help create a sense or mood by doing things such as looking if as though the writing were done in blood, this would create a sense of horror or danger. The title A Touch of Spice on the film pamphlet is the most large and clear because of its background. The title is usually in the largest font and in this case, it is no different. This is used to hopefully gain the attention of the consumer to come and watch the film or pick up the pamphlet. The title is written in a very natural way so it makes it seem as  though someone had put some spices on a table and written the titles out with their finger. It is quite cleat that the font is not times new roman because there are lines that are sticking out of the letters which creates the effect that to make it seem as though as if it were written. By having the title in such a way it creates a mysterious and exotic feel. On the back of the film pamphlet, there is a small section of writing where it is obvious that it is in a foreign language. The small section in a different language almost guarantees that the film will be from another country. Using this technique, it will be able to attract as much viewers as possible who like foreign films and in turn achieve its purpose. A very effective technique on this particular film pamphlet would be the logo. A logo can be used to help the advertisement gain the attention from consumers such as the Sony logo on one of their products. The logo on their product would tell the consumer that the product was at a very high quality because of their reputation. On this particular film pamphlet, a logo or badge has been put in the corner of it saying that is was the no.1 film at the Greek box office for an amazing 7 weeks. This would assure many viewers that the film would be good because of its great performance in Greek. The logo achieves its purpose by hopefully building a good reputation, which the quotes on the back of the pamphlet also do, so it is able to lure as much viewers as possible to watch the film. A language technique that is used on this particular film pamphlet is repetition. Repetition is often used to help send a message across to a viewer and help them to remember the message that was put across. Repetition is ubiquitously found on the cover of the film pamphlet. The theme of spices and food is found all over the cover of the film pamphlet in simple sentences. Cinnamon is bitter and sweet, just like a womanA beautiful, touching romance that will leave you craving for moreSalt is used as needed to spice up ones lifePepper is hot and scorches, just like the sunAll of these sentences, which are all found on the front cover, refer to a theme of spices and food and then link the food to another subject such as a woman or life. The  repetition on this film pamphlet is attempting to reinforce the title A Touch of Spice which emphasises the fact that the film is a romantic film and would leave them craving for more. The repetitive messages of spices and links to romance would have been received by the viewer and so achieves its purpose so enticing them to come and watch the film. Another language technique used on this film pamphlet is adjectives. Products and services are usually described with adjectives to hopefully appeal to consumers to purchase the product. In this particular case, adjectives are not used to describe the film itself but to describe other things which the film is relating to. The film pamphlet compares spices to things such women. Cinnamonis better and sweet just like a womanPepper is hot and scorches, just like the sunBoth of these quotes contain adjectives to describe spices and link them to romantic themes. The second quote links pepper to the sun where they say both are hot. This creates a sense of passion and exoticness to viewers so they understand that this film is a romantic one. Another language feature that is used to help the film pamphlet achieve its purpose is persuasive language. Persuasive language helps to convince consumers by using powerful and effective language to hopefully get people to buy the product. On the back of the film pamphlet, there are four quotes from people who seemed to have watched the movie and enjoyed it. A film of international standards and genuine emotionis undoubtedly one of the best gastronomic movies I have seen.an intensely moving experienceAll these quotes are the reviews or opinions of those who have already watched the film. The people who created this particular chose these reviews because it is their opinion that the film is of a very high quality. By getting the message through to the consumer that the film is actually good, more people would be interested to watch the movie so the film pamphlet has achieved its purpose. A layout technique which has been used on this film pamphlet is text boxes. Text boxes are usually used in ads to help make the ad easier to read and to  help all of the text to stand out. For this film pamphlet, there are many text boxes because there are many sections of text on the back with equal importance. On the back of the film pamphlet, there are many quotes which praise the film and the advertisers would have wanted to make sure that the viewers did not miss that section. The blurb is also in a text box and that is where the creators of the film give their own description of the film and where they give their own praise. Boxes have not been only to help text to be read more easily but also for images to stand out. Since there are many pictures on the back cover of the film pamphlet, they can be made more easily seen and recognised if they are in boxes. Text boxes have been effectively used in this film pamphlet to help important information to be unmissed and easily read and that is how they achieve their purpose. The film pamphlet is created to help attract as much viewers as possible to watch their movie. The film pamphlet attempts to do so by using visual, language and layout techniques to help inform people that the film is of a high quality so they can persuade as many people as possible. bibliography: pamphlet 1994

Feminist Therapy Critique essays

Feminist Therapy Critique essays Some people believe that the roles that have been set for males and females affect the life choices of growing and grown-up humans excessively. As women begin to form self-images, they measure themselves against unrealistic standards. Many of these standards involve role stereotypes set up by Western cultures. Although people believe they are unable to see how our culture has differing roles for men and women, many attitudes reflect bias, prejudice and stereotypes along the lines of sexual and gender expectations (Worrell, 2002). People need to look at the roles that women and men are expected to play in Western culture, for they differ a lot from what a person really can and wants to do in their life. Women who try to work and have a family and be equal to their husband have a doubly hard row to hoe. They must not only be successful in their job, but they have to be successful in raising their children, keeping the house and staying on top of their job responsibilities as well. There just isnt enough time in the day. If men had an equal share in raising a family, time and responsibility-wise, then it would be much easier on the women. When women are expected to work and yet not receive equal compensation, it is difficult to become the kind of successful career person that one thinks one will become when one was young. There seems to be a glass ceiling near the top of the career ladder that will not let women advance any farther than a certain rung in the career I always wanted to excel in. This ceiling will not let me reach my full potential and affects me psychologically, knowing that no matter how hard I try, Ill never be able to do what men do. I feel angry and frustrated at this. Another thing that affects women is that men can say whatever they want and women have to be careful what they say, or they will be taken to be rude, abusive and unladylike. A man can swear when he wants to get a...

Blood Essays - Transfusion Medicine, Blood Donation, Hematology

Blood Essays - Transfusion Medicine, Blood Donation, Hematology Blood There is a crisis. It is the shortage of blood. We need more blood donors. There's no substitute for human blood vital for delivering oxygen and nutrients, removing waste, healing and fighting infection. A person's blood can, however, be shared with others. Every day, thousands of Americans in need of lifesaving blood, including trauma victims and surgery patients, rely on the efforts of volunteer blood donors. We need a steady flow of blood donors to keep our blood supply stable. Many people are eligible to be donors. The biggest requirement is being healthy. Approximately 4 million Americans receive donated blood each year; a demand of nearly 40,000 units each day. Donating blood is a simple, relatively painless procedure that requires a small time commitment. Understanding the steps involved with donating can make it easier for those who may be considering rolling up their sleeves. In addition to good health, blood donors must weigh at least 110 pounds, be at least 18 years of age or be 16 and have parental permission. Those who are currently taking any medications such as aspirin, allergy medication, sleeping pills and Tylenol are still eligible to donate, as are those who have received a hepatitis B vaccine. People who cannot donate include anyone who has a blood-borne disease or who might be at high risk of contracting one. Other conditions excluding potential donors are being pregnant, having low iron or having a cold or the flu. There is no charge for blood. And prior to donating, volunteers must complete a standard screening procedure. This includes filling out a questionnaire on health history and answering standard health screening questions. Donors will then receive a brief physical exam, which includes reading of temperature, pulse and a test for anemia. Donors who satisfy screening requirements will then have approximately one pint of blood extracted. The entire process usually lasts about 45 minutes. Donating blood takes only from 5 to 7 minutes. Giving blood is safe. No one gets any disease by donating. A sterile needle is used once for each donor and then destroyed. Blood donors can usually resume normal activities within 10 to 15 minutes after donating. It's recommended that a person first sit down, rest momentarily and consume liquids. Since a person's blood volume will be reduced by 10 percent from donating blood, it is also recommended that volunteers avoid strenuous physical activities immediately following. Fluids lost from donating blood are usually replenished within 24 hours, while it can take several weeks to replace lost red blood cells. Because of this, volunteers must wait eight weeks between donation times. To avoid bruising in the arm, donors should also steer clear of heavy lifting for several hours. Some people feel afraid the first time they donate. Youll find out your fears are exaggerated. But youll find it out only after youve donated. Some people think that they dont have blood to spare. The average adult body has about 10 to 12 pints of blood. You give one pint of blood when you make a whole blood donation, and your blood volume will be replaced within 24 hours. Some people say that its too inconvenient to donate blood. Simply make an appointment for the time thats convenient for you. If the blood center isnt convenient for you, just call a recruitment department and theyll find a blood mobile that is. Usually churches, businesses, schools and civic organizations in your community host bloodmobiles every day of the week. Most often some people say that theyll only give in an emergency situation. It can take 24-48 hours to complete the laboratory tests that must be done on every unit of blood. Blood must be donated before an emergency arises. Its simply not feasible to try to save your blood in case someone you know needs it. Currently less than 5% of those eligible to give blood actually do. The demand for blood and blood products is constantly increasing, and those increasing needs can only be met by an increasing amount of donors. More blood donations are needed now than at any other time in our nations history. The American Red Cross had recently reported that there has been a critical shortage

European and international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European and international business - Essay Example Globalization has accelerated in recent years, a development that have significant implications for the regulation and governance of international business, trade and investment. International business implies no fundamental shift in the underlying principles of trading or business functions but simply more cross – border transactions .In simpler terms it includes all commercial transactions – private and governmental – between two or more countries. Private companies undertake such transactions for profit; governments may or may not do the same in their transactions International Business comprises a large and growing portion of the world’s total business. The world have seen a tremendous increase in the global transactions and foreign trade in the recent years. The main reason behind this is that now more and more countries are getting engaged in trading with each other in order to increase their profit or sales or protecting them from being eroded by co mpetition. The main objectives which are influencing the companies to engage in international business are expansion of sales, acquiring resources, minimizing competitive risk and diversification of sources of sales and supplies (Johnson & Turner, 2003). Besides these there are few other factors like economic factors, cultural factors, technological factors, and social factors which have influenced to a greater extent.Reasons for recent international business growth:-It’s hard to determine just how much international business has occurred at different times in history. ... -> Development of supporting services -> Increase in global competition Expansion of technology: In recent years, the pace of technological advances has accelerated to greater heights and the knowledge of products and services is available more quickly and widely due to communication and transportation technology. By increasing the demand for new products and services, technology has tremendous impact on international business. As the demand increases, so do the number of international business transactions. The recent technological improvement led to the production of high quality products at lower cost. As a result, the domestic countries have entered foreign countries to find market for their products. Liberalization of cross - border movements: Every country restricts the movement across its borders of goods and services and the resources, such as workers and capital to produce both .These restrictions hinder the international trade and thus the government today has imposed fewer restrictions on cross - border movements in order to facilitate trade. With the enactment of the World Trade Organizations (WTO) in 1995, the restrictions imposed on international trade are diminishing. There are many reasons as for why the government has reduced the restrictions. Few among them are: their domestic products will become more efficient as a result of foreign competition, their citizens expressing the desire for better access to a larger variety of goods and services to lower prices and so on (Rugman & Brewer, Nov 2001). Development of supporting services: Companies and governments have developed services which earn international business. For example, banks have developed efficient means for companies to receive

European Union Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

European Union Debt - Essay Example The European Union debt crisis was a fusion of complex elements in the world market. The globalization of finance and facilitation of easier access to credit in 2002-2008 period enhanced risky lending and borrowing among the member states. Moreover, the fiscal policies, trade imbalances and property bubbles accelerated the dept status (Dikson, Julie, and Pavlos 30). The governments were losing money following the banking system bailouts to defaulters of the property bubble. Furthermore, the pension commitments and the unsustainable public wages increased the debt level (Lynn 11). The increased capital and savings in the global pool of the European Union and other investors set the policy and regulatory structures in the member countries. This is because lenders and borrowers were quick to transact thus generating economic bubbles in each continent (El-Agraa 39). A decline in the monetary value resulted in significant losses and declines in property values. However, the liabilities owed to the global investors remained at constant prices resulting in major losses to the borrowers and insolvency of banks and government (Crifò 30). According to Sanghera (21), the Northern countries, such as Norway and Sweden, were able to cope with the crisis because their governments lent capital to property developers. This generated huge property bubbles. When the bubbles collapsed, their governments and citizens assumed private debts. These reduced excessive burden to the government to bail the nation out. After some time, these nations were able to retain a fair economic position with better employment percentage. In Greece, however, the government enhanced its commitment to the public employees by facilitating higher wages and pension settlements. Notably, the employment wage bill doubled exponentially in real terms. Moreover, the banking systems grew quickly creating enormous external

Different techniques on raising children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Different techniques on raising children - Essay Example If the parents failed to establish a meaningful relationship with their children, the children may not care much about the instructions given by the parents. For example, if both the father and the mother of a child professionals, they may not get enough time to establish a strong relationship with their children because of the less time they might have spent with their children. In such cases, it is difficult for them to make their children obedient to the instructions given by them. â€Å"Self-confidence comes largely from being confident in the world around you. If you can trust your own world to be solid and unchanging, its far easier to be sure of your own place and personality within it† (Ten Tools for Parenting Happy, Healthy Children, 2010). Planting self confidence in the minds of the children is one of the major requirements for making the child capable of undertaking independent tasks. A child should have planted the seeds of self esteem even in his mind during his childhood itself in order to succeed in his future life. For that purpose, the parents have a definite role to play. As the child learns from his surroundings, especially from the family, the family members should exhibit reasonable confidence in their activities. It is difficult for a child to develop self esteem if his parents happen to be cowards. â€Å"Parents should be each child’s first and favorite teacher. Most parents will encounter a few bumps in the road as their child moves from baby to teen to adult† (Parenting & Family Issues, 2010). Family is the first and major school of a child. Peaceful family atmosphere is important in raising a child in the right track. Children first learn things from their parents and the family. If the parents often clash each other in the family, children may not get the right message for their development from the all important family school. Moreover, the transition from a baby to teen and teen to adult are important phases in one’s life.

Nature Strongly Influences Early Human Development Essay Example for Free

Nature Strongly Influences Early Human Development Essay Since biology was determined as a science there have always been argues about the question of whether nature or nurture influence is more important to early human development. Early human development includes the period between conceiving the fetus and till the first steps of infancy. Each arguing side has many supporting arguments and evidences, which bring a new fuel to this ever-burning flame. Although nurture’s influence on the newborns could not be underestimated, nature’s influence is stronger and more important to the early human development because of genes and some inevitable processes in development. As it is known, at the moment of conception a remarkable amount of personal characteristics are already determined by the genes. They decide sex, the color of eyes and human characteristics. These genetic determinants are expressed in development through the process of maturation. This evidence shows the role of nature is much higher than the role of nurture. Despite this view, many still consider nurture to be more influential to early human development due to conditions in uterine environment. However, such an argument could not deny the fact that early human development innately determined sequences of growth and change that a relatively independent on environmental events. The process of human’s fetus development within the mother’s body is strictly fixed by genetically programmed time schedule, and fetal behavior, such as kicking, also follows an orderly sequences that depends on the stage of growth. The process of maturation is also fixed by this schedule. One of the best examples of inevitability of these processes in development is disappearance of the reflexive head-turning response to the direction of the source of sound. The temporary disappearance of this reflex probably represents a maturational transition from a reflexive response controlled by sub cortical areas of the brain to a voluntary attempt to locate the sound source. (Hiller, Hewitt Morrongiello, 1992; Ashmead et al. , 1991; Field, 1987). By four months, infants will reach the correct direction toward the source of sound in the dark; by six months, they show a marked increase in their responsiveness to sounds that accompanied by interesting sights and are able to pinpoint the location of sound more precisely, an ability that continues to improve into their second year (Hiller, Hewitt Morrongiello, 1992; Ashmead et al., 1991; Field, 1987). Opponents argue that this genetically programmed schedule is depends on environmental influence and nurture. Study carried out by McGraw indicates that practice or extra stimulation can accelerate the appearance of motor behaviors to some extent, especially in a stepping reflex. However, this five-seven weeks difference on start of walking between stimulated and does not stimulated newborns just highlights the inevitability of development processes. In conclusion, it should be evident that the arguments which was given to support that nurture is more strongly influences early human development is not valid. On the contrary, many people involved to studying this issue say that genes contribute to strengthen of natures influence on early human development by inevitability of natural processes. Furthermore, extra stimulation is not so significantly important for development because the children may develop without it. Therefore, Nature strongly influences early human development than nurture.

Analysis Of Witches In Macbeth :: essays research papers

Analysis of Witches in Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the play Macbeth by Shakespeare the three female witches play an important part in the development of the story. This essay will analyze the dramatic function of the witches in Act I of Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think that the reason that Shakespeare begins the play with the witches is to gives us the impression that everything starts with the witches, that is they are the catalysts for everything that happens in the play. I think that the witches are also there to set the mood for the play, â€Å"Hover through the fog and filthy air.† This line gives us a sense of loneliness and desperation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The play would be drastically different if it sprang from Macbeth's own mind and he did not have any influence from the witches. If Macbeth did not have any influence from the witches than he probably would not be thinking about killing Duncan to become King. But with the witches help this idea was thrust to the front of his mind and he thinks that he should kill Duncan because the witches say that it is his destiny. I am sure that Macbeth would not be as hesitant if the idea to kill Duncan came from his head without the witches help. I say this because when you reason things out by yourself you tend to now what is right and what is wrong, a conscience. But with the outside influence from the witches he thinks that that is his destiny and he must do everything to fulfill it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What the witches say in the beginning is what influences the entire plot. Macbeth hears these words and then tries to make them happen because he listened to the witches and thinks that he is to become King.

The Health Benefits of Chocolate

The Health Benefits of Eating Chocolate For centuries, chocolate has been one of the favorite sweet-tasting treat in the world and until not too long ago, also considered unhealthy. Recent studies show that cacao, which chocolate is made, contains potent antioxidants that can actually be beneficial to our health. Cacao is derived from the beans of Theobroma cacao, a tree native to South America (1). Historically cacao was being used by ancient people with various medicinal purposes such as treatment of inflammations, heart palpitation, and prevention of infections.Cacao is an abundant source of flavonoids, a potential antioxidant, which can be beneficial to one’s health. The benefits greatly depend on the type of chocolate that is consumed and the percentage of cacao bean it has. The higher percentage of cacao, more health is the chocolate. The best chocolate is the darkest, which contains 60 to 70 percentage of cacao and small amount of sugar. Dark chocolate is proven to be g ood for the heart. A small bar of it every day helps the cardiovascular system run well.In recent study, it has been demonstrated that the flavonoids present in cacao stimulate the production of nitric oxid (NO) which helps the dilatation of the blood vessels allowing the easy blood flow to the heart and brain reducing the blood pressure(2). When blood pressure is lowered, there is a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. Additionally, the flavanoids affect the cholesterol decreasing the bad cholesterol (LDL) in your blood and increasing significantly the good cholesterol (HDL), which cleans and mops up the blood vessels from the harmful fats.Also, dark chocolate improves the body’s ability to use insulin which helps to prevent Type-II diabetes, the type that is caused by the body’s inability to deal with sugar. Cocoa can increase nitric oxide levels to help with insulin-stimulated uptake of blood sugars. The increase in nitric oxide also improves the health of the bl ood vessels, limiting the damage of diabetes on the small vessels. Like the heart and blood vessels, dark chocolate consumption can be good for the brain.More recently, it was discovered that a compound in dark chocolate, called epicatechin (a flavonoid), may decrease the risk of stroke by increasing cellular signals that shield nerve cells from damage. A stroke is similar to a heart attack, but occurs when the blood supply to your brain becomes blocked or reduced. This can cause your brain cells to begin to die within minutes because it deprives your brain of necessary oxygen and nutrients.Furthermore, dark chocolate contains phenyl ethylamine that stimulates the nervous system giving to people a feeling of pleasure, serotonin, which acts as an anti-depressant which makes you feel good after eating chocolate and theobromine, caffeine and other substances which are stimulants that can increase your mental awareness. Good for the memory, flavanoids, can help boost brain power and mem ory. The beneficial brain effects appear to result from flavanoids impact on the blood system. In essence, the chemicals stimulate an increase of blood flow to the brain.Chocolate may also prevent or slow the oxidative damage to our body. The antioxidant flavonoid helps protect the skin against sun’s harmful UV rays and pollution, soothes inflammation such as acne, and prevents wrinkles by increasing the blood flow, restoring collagen and improving the appearance of the skin. (3) Also, some studies conducted in Europe, Asia, and North America have found that people who eat a diet rich in flavonoids from chocolate have lower incidents of cancer than those who eat fewer flavonoids. Lastly, dark chocolate can help reduce weight gain in the body.Rich in fiber, dark chocolate can actually help keep you full, so you can resist eating more food than you need. It also can take longer to chew, giving your brain time to get the signal that you have had enough to eat. To Sum up, eating dark chocolate has various health benefits. It contains high concentrations of beneficial flavonoids that may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and certain cancer. However it should be consumed in moderation to receive the full potential of these health benefits. References: 1. Dillinger TL, Barriga P, Escarcega S, et al. Food of the gods: cure for humanity?A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate. J Nutr 2000; 130(suppl):2057SÂ ±2072S 2. http://www. aarp. org/health/medical-research/info-03-2011/dark-chocolate-can-help-lower-your-blood-pressure. html 3. http://www. cnn. com/2006/HEALTH/12/20/health. chocolate/ 4. http://img. pathfinder. gr/clubs/files/4093/6835. pdf 5. http://mydrchocolate. soundconcepts. com/research/rs_rwhateat. htm#cardio 6. http://www. dark-chocolate-antioxidant. com/ 7. http://EzineArticles. com/844267 8. http://mydrchocolate. soundconcepts. com/research/rs_rwhateat. htm#other

Political Spectrum

The Political Spectrum is a term given to the different ideologies of political parties or organizations. The Young Men's Christian Association is one organization on the left side of the Spectrum. The YMCA provides after school programs for both children and adults. A right wing group is the John Birch Society which dedicates itself to restoring and preserving freedom under the United States Constitution. The Young Men's Christian Society (YMCA) was founded in London to improve the spiritual condition of young men engaged in the drapery and other trades during the 1800s. Today the YMCA appears in over 124 countries and help promotes a healthy, balanced lifestyle regardless of beliefs or gender. This year on, April 27 2007, Durham YMCA held an open house for their new Y-Knot Abilities Programs. This program offers children and youth with physical disabilities access to the YMCA programs. The Y-Knot creates an â€Å"Equal Playing Field† for disabled youth. The Y-Knot Abilities program shall run every Friday from 5:00 to 7:00 pm in the gymnasium. Through the years, the YMCA has setup the YMCA Strong Kids Fundraiser. The money raised helps provides, families YMCA memberships, Children and Youth a chance to go to camp, renovations on community YMCA's and the fees for training new employees. Their goal from the fundraiser is hope on providing children and families with the tool they need to succeed. The YMCA's goal to create a positive attitude both physically and mentally in the community is achieved through a balanced leadership style. The organization creates both fundraisers to decrease membership fees, improve community recreations and increase daily activities to achieve their goal. There is no force by the organization to the community in participating in fundraisers and activities. The John Birch Society (JBS) is a right wing organization established in Indiana in 1958 by a group of twelve â€Å"patriotic and public-spirited† men. The society opposes socialism, communism, Nazism, and fascism, and strongly agrees to a limited federal government under the Constitution of the United States. The JBS plans many campaigns to help preserve freedom for themselves and American families. A recent campaign was called the â€Å"Repeal NAFTA† campaign. Goals are to withdraw U.S. membership form in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The society has dedicated time in creating pamphlets and written articles to approve in the withdrawal of NAFTA. The JBS has also organized the â€Å"JBS Freedom Campaign†. The campaign was designed for all Americans who want to preserve their cherished lives of freedom for themselves and their family. Through this campaign they will have the opportunity to participate with other Americans to help defeat some of the biggest threats to their way of life. The campaign acts like umbrella against issues such as illegal immigration and the North American Union. The JBS goal to preserve freedom for themselves and American families is achieved through an authoritarian leadership style. The society sets campaigns against the government to set regulations or eliminate different acts such as Illegal Immigration and NAFTA. The group forces people to join through riots, publicity and the internet. The YMCA on the spectrum is located at 3 o'clock on the left side due to being a beneficial organization to many communities. YMCA holds programs, clubs, fundraisers and teams to help create a positive attitude physically and mentally in the attitude. The JBS society would be located between 9 o'clock and 10 o'clock along the right side. The JBS is a group against communism and socialism, which are mid. to high left wing characteristics. The society opposed the â€Å"Civil Rights Movement†, an act of equality between colored and whites. Both organizations are clearly opposites due to the way they achieve their beliefs and achieve them.

Louis and clark essays

Louis and clark essays With the United States nearly doubling in size resulting from the Louisiana Purchase by president Jefferson on April 30, 1804, a vast new area remained undiscovered. Stemming from Jeffersons anti- federalist views, this purchase would extend the agricultural character of the United States.. (Barth pg. 6). Jefferson not only hoped farmers for centuries to follow would benefit from the purchase, but that the sheer amount of land that was acquired during the purchase would prevent the federal government from having too much influence on its citizens. Not everyone approved of Jeffersons decision, Federalist businessmen anticipated economic chaos and coin rushing into infinite space (Barth pg.6). With Jeffersons design for the new and much larger nation now in place, the expedition he envisioned long before the Louisiana Purchase even took place was now needed to explore the newly acquired land, The brainchild of President Thomas Jefferson, it was a high point of his preoccupation w ith the American West. The expedition was republican in nature due to the expansionist views Jefferson had in mind for it to achieve. Jeffersons idea of a waterway through this new and uncharted territory would make access to the west and maybe even all the way to the Pacific far much easier, thus providing easier trade routes to the west. Jefferson suggested in 1783 to George Rodgers Clark and older brother William Clark that he lead an expedition to explore the land west of the Mississippi in hopes of discovering a waterway to the west. Clark declined because he did not receive reimbursements from the government for expenditures during the war and was broke. Jefferson continued to push for expeditions into this uncharted territory but had little success. When Jefferson became president in 1801 he wanted this land to be reserved for the United States. When the land was acquired after the Louisi...

The Roots of Our Society essays

The Roots of Our Society essays According to Websters Dictionary, the word age is described as a decline of life and oldness. When many people hear the word old being refereed to senior citizens, they automatically think of a wrinkled, hunched over, grumpy man hobbling on his cane across the street at two miles an hour. Other stereotypes of older people is that they smell funny, have dentures, and are generally grumpy to everyone they come in contact with. Although I have seen such behaviors come out of older people, I always want to be grumpy or mean back to them but I always stop and think. They are just like us spiritually and even emotionally, but their bodies are more aged. It is easy for me to talk to old people and imagine them if they were my age. My grandparents for example are the most awesome people I know. They tell me stories about what they were like when they were my age and they tell me about how life was during World War II and other hard times America went through. When they tell me these stories, I imagine I am there with them in that time period and I am transfixed in the details of their tales. Listening to my grandparents has taught me to love and appreciate the wisdom and knowledge of older people. When I think of ageing I think of the body growing older not necessarily physically, but mentally as well. I really admire the senior citizens of today because in the last fifty years, we as a society have gone through many changes politically, socially, and ethnically and I admire those people who have lived through it all and managed to stay sane. I could not imagine how difficult it would be to live through the Stock Market Crash, World War II, Vietnam, and other major influences on America and adjust to the way of life of each event. When my grandparents tell me what it was like to be a kid, I can see the youthfulness in their eyes and I can relate to how they feel. ...

Interesting Bull Shark Facts (Carcharhinus leucas)

Interesting Bull Shark Facts (Carcharhinus leucas) The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas)  is an aggressive shark found throughout the world in warm, shallow waters along coasts, in estuaries, in lakes, and in rivers. Although bull sharks have been found inland as far as the Mississippi River in Illinois, they arent a true freshwater species. The bull shark is listed as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Essential Facts Bull sharks get their common name both from their appearance and their behavior. The shark is large and stocky, with a broad, flat snout and an unpredictable, aggressive nature. Females are larger than males. A typical female bull shark is 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long and weighs 130 kg (290 lb), while a male averages 2.25 m (7.4 ft) and 95 kg (209 lb). The largest recorded bull shark was a 4.0 m (13.1 ft) female. The bite force of a bull shark is 5914 Newtons, which is the highest for any fish, weight for weight.There are 43 elasmobranch species found in freshwater. Sand sharks, sawfish, skates, and stingrays are other species that can enter rivers. Bull sharks are capable of osmoregulation, which means they can control their internal osmotic pressure when external salinity changes. This also makes them euryhaline (able to adapt to different salinities) and diadromous (readily able to swim between fresh and salt water). Bulls sharks give birth to four to ten live young in fresh water. Over ti me, the sharks gain a tolerance for salinity. Newborn or young sharks are usually found in fresh water, while older sharks tend to live in salt water. Young bull sharks flow with the tides to conserve energy needed for movement and osmoregulation. However, bull sharks can live their entire lives in fresh water. Adult life in fresh water is not ideal, as most of the sharks food lives in the sea. Bull sharks mainly eat bony fish and smaller sharks, including bull sharks. As opportunistic predators, they also eat terrestrial mammals, birds, turtles, crustaceans, echinoderms, and dolphins. They use the bump-and-bite strategy to attack prey, typically hunting in murky water. Usually, bull sharks are solitary hunters, although they may hunt in pairs to trick prey. Although bull sharks hunt in murky water, they can see color and use it to seek prey. They can be attracted to bright yellow gear, for example. The sharks hunt both during the day and at night.Adult sharks mate in late summer or early autumn. It takes 10 years for a shark to reach maturity. In the mating ritual, the male bites the females tail until she turns upside down, allowing him to copulate. Mature females often have bite marks and scratches.Bull sharks are apex predators, so their main threat is mankind. However, they may be attacked by great white sharks, tiger sharks, and crocodiles. The average life span of a bull shark is 16 years. How Dangerous Is the Bull Shark? The bull shark is believed to be responsible for most shark attacks in shallow water, even though  the International Shark Attack File  (ISAF) cites the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) as  responsible for the largest number of bites to humans. The ISAF notes great white bites are often correctly identified, but its difficult to tell bull sharks apart from other members of the family  Carcharhinidae  (the requiem sharks, which include the blacktip, whitetip, and grey reef shark). In any case, the great white, bull shark, and tiger shark are the big three where shark bites are concerned. All three are found in areas frequented by humans, have teeth designed to shear, and are large and aggressive enough to pose a threat. How to Recognize a Bull Shark If you see a shark in fresh water, chances are good its a bull shark. While the genus Glyphis includes three species of river sharks, they are rare and have only been documented in parts of Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Guinea. Bull sharks are gray on top and white underneath. They have a small, bullish snout. This helps camouflage them so they are harder to see viewed from below and blend in with the riverbed or sea floor when viewed from above. The first dorsal fin is larger than the second one and is angled rearward. The caudal fin is lower and longer than that of other sharks. Tips for Telling Sharks Apart If youre swimming in the surf, its not a smart idea to get close enough to identify a shark, but if you see one from a boat or land, you may want to know what type it is: Sandbar sharks also have rounded snouts, but their dorsal fins are larger and more triangular than those of bull sharks.Blacktip sharks are shaped much like bull sharks, but they have pointed snouts and white anal fins. Note juvenile bull sharks may have black-tipped fins, so coloration is not a good way to distinguish these species.Lemon sharks have blunt snouts, but they are yellow-green to olive-gray in color and both their dorsal fins are about the same size. Lemon shark dorsal fins angle back like those of a bull shark.Spinner sharks have pointed shouts, black tipping on their anal fins, and a band of Z-shaped lines on their sides.Tiger sharks have a dark stripe on their sides.Great white sharks are very large (10-15 ft long), have black eyes, and pointed snouts. Their coloration is similar to the bull shark (gray on top, white underneath).